Aliene Rachel Corrie (April 10, 1979 - 16 Maret 2003) adalah seorang anggota Amerika dari Gerakan Solidaritas Internasional (ISM). She was killed in the Gaza Strip by an Israel Defence Forces (IDF) bulldozer while attempting to prevent IDF forces from demolishing the home of local Palestinian Samir Nasrallah. Dia tewas di Jalur Gaza oleh Angkatan Pertahanan Israel (IDF) buldoser ketika mencoba untuk mencegah pasukan IDF dari menghancurkan rumah lokal Palestina Samir Nasrallah. The IDF has claimed that the death has been due to restricted angle of view of the D9 bulldozer driver. IDF telah mengklaim bahwa kematian telah dibatasi karena sudut pandang D9 bulldozer driver. The New York Times said Corrie and others were acting as " human shields ." The New York Times mengatakan Corrie dan yang lain bertindak sebagai " perisai manusia . " A student at the Evergreen State College , she had taken a year off and traveled to the Gaza Strip during the Second Intifada . [ 1 ] Seorang siswa di Evergreen State College , dia telah mengambil libur satu tahun dan melakukan perjalanan ke Jalur Gaza selama Intifadah Kedua .
Awal kehidupan
Corrie was born on April 10, 1979, and raised in Olympia , Washington , United States. Corrie lahir pada tanggal 10 April 1979, dan dibesarkan di Olympia , Washington , Amerika Serikat. She was the youngest of the three children of Craig Corrie, an insurance executive, and Cindy Corrie, an amateur flautist . Dia adalah yang termuda dari tiga anak-anak Craig Corrie, seorang eksekutif asuransi, dan Cindy Corrie, amatir pemain suling . Cindy Corrie describes their family as "average Americans — politically liberal, economically conservative, middle class". [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Cindy Corrie menjelaskan keluarga mereka sebagai "rata-rata orang Amerika - politik liberal, ekonomi konservatif, kelas menengah". [2] [3] [4]
After graduating from Capital High School , Corrie went on to attend The Evergreen State College (TESC), also located in Olympia, where she took a number of arts courses. Setelah lulus dari SMA Modal , Corrie melanjutkan untuk menghadiri The Evergreen State College (TESC), juga terletak di Olympia, di mana ia mengambil sejumlah kursus seni. She took one year off from her studies to work as a volunteer in the Washington State Conservation Corps ; other volunteer work included making weekly visits to patients with mental disorders for three years. [ 4 ] In her senior year, she proposed an independent-study program in which she would travel to Gaza, join protesters from the International Solidarity Movement (ISM), and initiate a "sister city" project between Olympia and Rafah . [ 5 ] Before leaving, she also organized a pen-pal program between kids in Olympia and Rafah. [ 6 ] Dia mengambil satu tahun dari dari studi-nya untuk bekerja sebagai sukarelawan di Washington State Konservasi Corps ; kerja sukarela lainnya termasuk melakukan kunjungan mingguan untuk pasien dengan gangguan mental selama tiga tahun. [4] Pada tahun terakhirnya, dia mengusulkan studi-independen program di mana ia akan pergi ke Gaza, bergabung dengan pengunjuk rasa dari Gerakan Solidaritas Internasional (ISM), dan memulai adik kota "" proyek antara Olympia dan Rafah . [5] Sebelum berangkat, dia juga menyelenggarakan sahabat pena- program antara anak-anak di Olympia dan Rafah. [6]
Friends described her as "attractive in a plain-spoken way, the opposite of flashy, not working to call attention to herself. She was reserved in large crowds but intimate one-on-one". [ 3 ] Colin Reese, Corrie's roommate, said she had wanted to become a writer and artist . Teman menggambarkan dirinya sebagai "menarik dalam-bicara dengan cara sederhana, kebalikan dari mencolok, tidak bekerja untuk menarik perhatian pada dirinya sendiri. Dia reserved-kelompok besar tetapi intim satu-satu". [3] Colin Reese,'s teman sekamar Corrie, mengatakan ia ingin menjadi penulis dan artis . Reese also said she was "not the most punctual or tidy person in the world," but that when it came to peace work, she "would work harder and longer than anybody else". [ 3 ] Reese juga mengatakan dia "tidak tepat waktu atau orang yang paling rapi di dunia," tapi bahwa ketika itu datang untuk bekerja perdamaian, dia "akan bekerja lebih keras dan lebih lama daripada siapa pun". [3]
Kegiatan di Tepi Barat dan Gaza
After flying to Israel on January 22, 2003, Corrie underwent a two-day training course at ISM West Bank headquarters, before heading to Rafah to participate in ISM demonstrations. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] During her training, Corrie studied tactics of direct action . Setelah terbang ke Israel pada 22 Januari 2003, Corrie mengalami hari pelatihan kursus-dua di ISM kantor pusat Tepi Barat, sebelum menuju Rafah untuk berpartisipasi dalam demonstrasi ISM. [3] [5] Selama pelatihan, Corrie belajar taktik tindakan langsung . Basic rules about avoiding harm were given, which a featured article on the Corrie incident summarized as: "Wear fluorescent jackets. Don't run. Don't frighten the army. Try to communicate by megaphone. Make your presence known." [ 5 ] On January 27, 2003, Corrie and William Hewitt (also from Olympia), traveled to the Erez checkpoint and entered the Gaza Strip. [ 5 ] Dasar aturan tentang menghindari bahaya yang diberikan, yang artikel fitur pada insiden Corrie diringkas sebagai: "Pakai jaket neon.. Jangan lari. Jangan yang menakut-nakuti tentara Cobalah untuk berkomunikasi melalui megafon. Jadikan kehadiran Anda dikenal." [5 ] Pada tanggal 27 Januari 2003, Corrie dan William Hewitt (juga dari Olympia), melakukan perjalanan ke pos pemeriksaan Erez dan masuk ke Jalur Gaza. [5]
While in Rafah, Corrie acted as a human shield in an attempt to impede house demolitions carried out by the IDF using armored bulldozers. [ 1 ] On Corrie's first night there, she and two other ISM members set up camp inside Block J, often a target for Israeli gunfire. Sementara di Rafah, Corrie bertindak sebagai perisai manusia dalam upaya untuk menghalangi pembongkaran rumah dilakukan oleh IDF menggunakan buldoser lapis baja. [1] Pada malam pertama di Corrie sana, ia dan dua anggota ISM lainnya mendirikan kemah di dalam Blok J, sering sasaran tembakan Israel. Israeli troops fired bullets over their tent and at the ground a few feet away. pasukan Israel menembakkan peluru di tenda mereka dan di tanah beberapa meter. Deciding that their presence was provoking the Israeli soldiers, not deterring them, Corrie and her colleagues hurriedly dismantled their tent and left the area. [ 5 ] Memutuskan bahwa kehadiran mereka adalah tentara-tentara Israel memprovokasi, tidak menghalangi mereka, Corrie dan rekan-rekannya cepat-cepat dibongkar tenda mereka dan meninggalkan daerah itu. [5]
Qishta, a Palestinian who worked as an interpreter, noted that: "Late January and February was a very crazy time. There were house demolitions taking place all over the border strip and the activists had no time to do anything else." [ 5 ] Qishta also stated of the ISM activists: "They were not only brave; they were crazy." [ 5 ] The confrontations were not without harm to the activists; a British participant was wounded by shrapnel . [ 5 ] Qishta, seorang Palestina yang bekerja sebagai penerjemah, mencatat bahwa: "Januari dan Februari adalah Akhir waktu yang sangat gila. Ada penghancuran rumah rumah terjadi di seluruh strip perbatasan dan aktivis tidak punya waktu untuk melakukan sesuatu yang lain". [5] Qishta juga menyatakan dari aktivis ISM: "Mereka tidak hanya berani, mereka gila". [5] The konfrontasi tidak tanpa merugikan para aktivis, sebuah Inggris peserta terluka oleh pecahan peluru . [5]
Palestinian militants expressed concern that the "internationals" staying in tents between the Israeli watchtowers and the residential neighborhoods would get caught in crossfire , while other residents were concerned that the young activists might be spies . militan Palestina menyatakan keprihatinan bahwa "internasional" tinggal di tenda-tenda antara Israel menara pengawas dan lingkungan perumahan akan tertangkap dalam baku tembak , sementara warga lain khawatir bahwa para aktivis muda mungkin mata-mata . Corrie worked hard to overcome this suspicion, learning a few words of Arabic , participating in a mock trial denouncing the "crimes of the Bush Administration ." [ 5 ] With time, the ISM members were taken into Palestinian family homes, and provided with meals and beds. Corrie bekerja keras untuk mengatasi kecurigaan ini, belajar beberapa kata dari bahasa Arab , berpartisipasi dalam suatu pengadilan yang pura-pura mencela "kejahatan dari pemerintahan Bush ". [5] Dengan waktu, para anggota ISM dibawa ke rumah keluarga Palestina, dan diberi makan dan tempat tidur. Even so, in the days before Corrie's death, a letter gained wide circulation in Rafah, casting suspicion again on the ISM members. Meskipun demikian, pada hari-hari sebelum kematian Corrie, surat diperoleh beredar luas di Rafah, casting kecurigaan lagi pada anggota ISM. "Who are they? Why are they here? Who asked them to come here?" "Siapa mereka? Mengapa mereka di sini Siapa yang minta? Mereka untuk datang ke sini?" it asked. [ 5 ] The letter caused the activists to be preoccupied and frustrated, and on the morning of Corrie's death they planned ways to counteract its effects. tanyanya. [5] Surat menyebabkan aktivis akan sibuk dan frustrasi, dan pada pagi hari kematian Corrie mereka merencanakan cara untuk melawan dampaknya. According to one activist, "We all had a feeling that our role was too passive. We talked about how to engage the Israeli military." [ 5 ] Menurut seorang aktivis, "Kita semua merasa bahwa peran kami terlalu pasif.. Kita berbicara tentang bagaimana untuk melibatkan militer Israel" [5]
On March 14, 2003, during an interview with the Middle East Broadcasting network, Corrie said: Pada tanggal 14 Maret 2003,, selama wawancara dengan Timur Tengah Penyiaran jaringan, Corrie berkata:
"I feel like I'm witnessing the systematic destruction of a people's ability to survive ... Sometimes I sit down to dinner with people and I realize there is a massive military machine surrounding us, trying to kill the people I'm having dinner with." [ 5 ] "Aku merasa seperti sedang menyaksikan kehancuran sistematis dari kemampuan orang untuk bertahan hidup ... Kadang-kadang saya duduk untuk makan malam dengan orang-orang dan aku menyadari ada mesin militer besar-besaran di sekitar kita, berusaha untuk membunuh orang yang saya mau makan malam dengan. " [5]
Water well human shielding efforts Air juga melindungi upaya manusia
According to a January 2003 article by Gordon Murray, in the last month of her life Rachel "spent a lot of time at the Canada Well helping protect Rafah municipal workers," who were trying to repair damages to the well incurred by Israeli bulldozers. Menurut sebuah artikel Januari 2003 oleh Gordon Murray, di bulan terakhir hidupnya Rachel "menghabiskan banyak waktu di Kanada Well membantu melindungi Rafah kota pekerja, "yang mencoba untuk memperbaiki kerusakan ke sumur yang dikeluarkan oleh buldoser Israel. Built in 1999 with CIDA funding, Canada Well, together with El Iskan Well, had supplied more than 50% of Rafah's water before being damaged, and the city had been under "strict rationing (only a few hours of running water on alternate days)" since. Dibangun pada tahun 1999 dengan CIDA pendanaan, Kanada Ya, bersama dengan El Iskan Yah, telah memasok lebih dari 50% dari air yang Rafah sebelum rusak, dan kota itu berada di bawah "penjatahan yang ketat (hanya beberapa jam air mengalir pada hari-hari alternatif) "sejak. Murray writes that ISM activists were maintaining a presence there since, "Israeli snipers and tanks routinely shot at civilian workers trying to repair the wells." Murray menulis bahwa aktivis ISM adalah mempertahankan keberadaan di sana sejak, "penembak jitu tank Israel dan menembak secara rutin pekerja sipil berusaha memperbaiki sumur." In one of her reports, Corrie relates that despite having received permission from Israeli District Command Office, and carrying "banners and megaphones the activists and workers were fired upon several times over a period of about one hour. One of the bullets came within two metres of three internationals and a municipal water worker close enough to spray bits of debris in their faces as it landed at their feet." [ 7 ] According to Murray, the Canadian government refused to "officially protest or denounce the Israeli army actions", yet "quietly agreed to help fund the estimated $450,000 repair costs". [ 8 ] Dalam salah satu laporan itu, Corrie menceritakan bahwa meskipun telah menerima izin dari Kantor Komando Distrik Israel, dan membawa "spanduk dan megafon para aktivis dan pekerja dipecat setelah beberapa kali selama jangka waktu sekitar satu jam. Salah satu peluru datang dalam waktu dua meter tiga internasional dan pekerja air kota cukup dekat untuk bit semprotan reruntuhan di wajah mereka saat mendarat di kaki mereka. " [7] Menurut Murray, pemerintah Kanada menolak untuk "resmi protes atau mencela tindakan militer Israel", namun "diam-diam menyetujui untuk membantu mendanai perbaikan $ 450.000 estimasi biaya". [8]
US flag burning at protest for 2003 invasion of Iraq controversy Membakar bendera AS di protes untuk Invasi Irak 2003 kontroversi
While in Gaza, she took part in a demonstration as part of the February 15, 2003 anti-war protest against the invasion of Iraq , where she was photographed burning a mock US flag. [ 5 ] [ 9 ] Robert Spencer criticized Corrie for having burned the flag in front of children, writing that she was “fostering... Sementara di Gaza, ia mengambil bagian dalam demonstrasi sebagai bagian dari 15 Desember 2003 anti-perang protes Februari melawan invasi ke Irak , di mana ia difoto membakar bendera Amerika pura-pura. [5] [9] Robert Spencer Corrie dikritik karena membakar bendera di depan anak-anak, menulis bahwa ia "mendorong ... hatred” of the United States. [ 10 ] kebencian "dari Amerika Serikat. [10]
After her death, International Solidarity Movement ("ISM") and Corrie's parents wrote about the circulated picture of the incident: Setelah kematiannya, Gerakan Solidaritas Internasional ("ISM") dan orangtua Corrie menulis tentang gambaran beredar insiden:
"Trying to use this picture to somehow indicate that Rachel deserved to be run over by a bulldozer is an appalling act of demonization that infers that forms of protest which include flag burning are capital offences . In the words of Rachel's parents: 'The act, while we may disagree with it, must be put into context. Rachel was partaking in a demonstration in Gaza opposing the War on Iraq . She was working with children who drew two pictures, one of the American flag , and one of the Israeli flag , for burning. Rachel said that she could not bring herself to burn the picture of the Israeli flag with the Star of David on it, but under such circumstances, in protest over a drive towards war and her government's foreign policy that was responsible for much of the devastation that she was witness to in Gaza, she felt it OK to burn the picture of her own flag. We have seen photographs of memorials held in Gaza after Rachel's death in which Palestinian children and adults honor our daughter by carrying a mock coffin draped with the American flag. We have been told that our flag has never been treated so respectfully in Gaza in recent years. We believe Rachel brought a different face of the United States to the Palestinian people, a face of compassion. It is this image of Rachel with the American flag that we hope will be remembered most.'" [ 11 ] "Mencoba untuk menggunakan gambar ini untuk entah bagaimana menunjukkan bahwa Rachel layak ditabrak buldoser adalah tindakan mengerikan dari demonization yang menyimpulkan bahwa bentuk-bentuk protes yang meliputi pembakaran bendera adalah kejahatan modal . Dalam kata-kata orangtua Rachel: "Undang-undang, sementara kita mungkin tidak setuju dengan hal itu, harus dimasukkan ke dalam konteks. Rachel mengambil bagian dalam sebuah demonstrasi di Gaza menentang perang di Irak . Dia bekerja dengan anak-anak yang menggambar dua gambar, salah satu bendera Amerika , dan salah satu bendera Israel , untuk pembakaran. Rachel mengatakan bahwa ia tidak sanggup untuk membakar gambar bendera Israel dengan Bintang Daud di atasnya, tapi dalam situasi seperti itu, sebagai protes atas drive terhadap perang dan asing kebijakan pemerintahannya yang bertanggung jawab untuk banyak penghancuran bahwa ia menjadi saksi di Gaza, ia merasa OK untuk membakar gambar bendera sendiri. Kami telah melihat foto-foto kenangan yang diadakan di Gaza setelah kematian Rachel di mana anak-anak Palestina dan orang dewasa kehormatan putri kami dengan membawa peti mati pura-pura tersampir dengan bendera Amerika. Kami telah diberitahu bahwa bendera kita belum pernah diperlakukan begitu hormat di Gaza dalam beberapa tahun terakhir Kami percaya Rachel membawa wajah yang berbeda dari Amerika Serikat untuk rakyat Palestina, sebuah wajah kasih sayang.. Ini adalah gambar ini Rachel dengan bendera Amerika yang kami harap akan diingat paling "." [11]
Corrie's e-mails from Gaza to her mother Corrie e-mail dari Gaza kepada ibunya
Rachel Corrie sent a series of e-mails to her mother while she was in Gaza, of which four were later published by The Guardian (on page 2, comments and features section, March 18, 2003 [ 12 ] ) and in January 2008 in a memorial book entitled Let Me Stand Alone by WW Norton & Company , along with her other collected writings. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Yale Professor David Bromwich stated, Rachel left "letters of great interest" and she had studied methods of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King with care. [ 16 ] Corrie wrote to her mother, "The vast majority of Palestinians right now, as far as I can tell, are engaged in Gandhian nonviolent resistance ." [ 13 ] Her letters later formed the basis of the theatre play My Name is Rachel Corrie , and some parts of the letters were also used in the cantata The Skies are Weeping . Rachel Corrie mengirimkan serangkaian e-mail pada ibunya, sementara dia di Gaza, yang empat kemudian diterbitkan oleh The Guardian (pada 2 halaman, komentar dan bagian fitur, 18 Maret 2003 [12] ) dan pada bulan Januari 2008 di buku peringatan yang berjudul Let Me Stand Alone oleh WW Norton & Company , bersama dengan tulisan-tulisannya dikumpulkan lainnya. [13] [14] [15] Yale Profesor David Bromwich lain, Rachel meninggalkan "surat yang sangat menarik" dan dia telah mempelajari metode Mahatma Gandhi dan Martin Luther King dengan benar. [16] Corrie menulis kepada ibunya, "Sebagian besar orang Palestina sekarang, sejauh yang saya tahu, bergerak dalam Gandhi perlawanan tanpa kekerasan . " [13] Surat-suratnya kemudian membentuk dasar bermain teater My Name is Rachel Corrie , dan sebagian surat-surat itu juga digunakan dalam kantata The Skies yang Menangis .
Corrie kematian dan selanjutnya kontroversi
On March 16, 2003, an IDF operation in the land between the Rafah refugee camp and the border with Egypt was engaged in house demolition , which the IDF says is necessary to destroy guerrilla hideouts and smuggling tunnels . [ 17 ] Corrie was part of a group of seven ISM activists (three British and four US) attempting to disrupt the actions of Israeli bulldozers. Pada tanggal 16 Maret 2003, sebuah operasi IDF di tanah antara kamp pengungsi Rafah dan perbatasan dengan Mesir telah terlibat dalam penghancuran rumah , yang mengatakan IDF diperlukan untuk menghancurkan gerilyawan persembunyian dan terowongan penyelundupan . [17] Corrie merupakan bagian dari kelompok tujuh aktivis ISM (tiga Inggris dan empat AS) mencoba mengganggu tindakan buldoser Israel. Corrie, who had positioned herself in the path of a Caterpillar D9R armored bulldozer , was fatally injured. Corrie, yang telah memposisikan dirinya di jalan yang D9R Caterpillar buldoser lapis baja , itu fatal terluka. She was transported to a Palestinian hospital. Dia dibawa ke rumah sakit Palestina. Accounts vary as to whether she died at the scene, in the ambulance on the way to the hospital, or at the hospital. [ 18 ] Account bervariasi, apakah dia meninggal di tempat kejadian, di dalam ambulans dalam perjalanan ke rumah sakit, atau di rumah sakit. [18]
The events surrounding Corrie's death are disputed. Peristiwa seputar kematian Corrie yang membantah. ISM eyewitnesses assert that the Israeli soldier driving the bulldozer deliberately ran Corrie over while she was acting as a human shield to prevent the demolition of the home of local pharmacist Samir Nasrallah. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] The ISM said she was interposed between the bulldozer and a wall near Nasrallah's home, in which ISM activists had several times spent the night. [ 5 ] The Israeli Government and the IDF denied that version of events and described Corrie's death as an accident. ISM saksi mata menyatakan bahwa tentara Israel mengemudi buldoser sengaja berlari Corrie lebih dari sementara ia bertindak sebagai perisai manusia untuk mencegah penghancuran rumah seorang apoteker lokal Samir Nasrallah. [19] [20] ISM mengatakan ia sela antara buldoser dan dinding di dekat di rumah Nasrallah, di mana aktivis ISM telah beberapa kali menghabiskan malam. [5] Pemerintah Israel dan IDF membantah bahwa versi kejadian dan kematian Corrie digambarkan sebagai kecelakaan. The official Israeli response stated that Corrie was killed by debris pushed over by the bulldozer, that the driver did not see her, and that the bulldozer was clearing brush and not engaged in a demolition when Corrie blocked its path. Tanggapan resmi Israel menyatakan bahwa Corrie dibunuh oleh puing-puing didorong oleh buldoser, bahwa sopir tidak melihatnya, dan bahwa buldoser itu kliring sikat dan tidak terlibat dalam penghancuran ketika Corrie jalan yang diblokir. This was the conclusion reached in June 2003 by a military investigation by the Israel Defense Forces Judge Advocate's Office. Ini adalah kesimpulan pada Juni 2003 oleh penyelidikan militer oleh Angkatan Pertahanan Israel Judge Advocate's Office. “The driver at no point saw or heard Corrie,” an army source told the Jerusalem Post . "Sopir pada titik tidak melihat atau mendengar Corrie," sumber militer mengatakan kepada Jerusalem Post . “She was standing behind debris which obstructed the view of the driver and the driver had a very limited field of vision due to the protective cage he was working in.” Other reports say the Israeli government charged that the house being demolished contained a tunnel used for smuggling weapons from Egypt . [ 21 ] "Dia sedang berdiri di belakang puing-puing yang menghalangi pandangan sopir dan sopir memiliki bidang yang sangat terbatas visi karena kandang pelindung ia bekerja masuk" laporan lain mengatakan bahwa pemerintah Israel menuduh bahwa rumah yang sedang dibongkar berisi terowongan yang digunakan untuk penyelundupan senjata dari Mesir . [21]
The major points of dispute are whether the bulldozer driver saw Corrie, and whether her injuries were caused by being crushed under the blade or by the mound of debris the bulldozer was pushing. Titik utama sengketa adalah apakah sopir buldoser melihat Corrie, dan apakah lukanya disebabkan oleh sedang dihancurkan di bawah pisau atau oleh tumpukan puing-puing itu mendorong bulldozer. An IDF spokesman has acknowledged that Israeli army regulations normally require that the drivers of the armored personnel carriers (APCs) that accompany bulldozers are responsible for directing the drivers towards their targets, because the Caterpillar D9 bulldozers have a restricted field of vision with several blind spots. [ 22 ] However, the Israeli army commander of the Gaza Strip said in an interview broadcast on Israeli television that on the day of Corrie's death, soldiers had to stay in their armored vehicles and were not able to direct the bulldozer or arrest the protesters , because of the threat of Palestinian sniper fire. Seorang juru bicara IDF telah mengakui bahwa peraturan tentara Israel biasanya memerlukan bahwa driver dari pengangkut personel lapis baja (APC) yang menyertai buldoser bertanggung jawab untuk mengarahkan pembalap terhadap target mereka, karena Caterpillar D9 bulldozer memiliki bidang terbatas visi dengan beberapa bintik-bintik buta . [22] Namun, komandan tentara Israel di Jalur Gaza mengatakan dalam siaran wawancara dengan televisi Israel bahwa pada hari kematian Corrie, tentara harus tinggal di kendaraan lapis baja mereka dan tidak mampu mengarahkan buldoser atau penangkapan demonstran , karena ancaman Palestina penembak jitu api. He also said that Israeli soldiers may have been handling other ISM activists instead of watching over the bulldozer. [ citation needed ] In a statement issued the day after Corrie's death, the ISM said that, "When the bulldozer refused to stop or turn aside she climbed up onto the mound of dirt and rubble being gathered in front of it... to look directly at the driver who kept on advancing." [ 23 ] Ia juga mengatakan bahwa tentara Israel mungkin telah penanganan aktivis ISM lain dan bukan mengawasi buldoser. [ rujukan? ] Dalam sebuah pernyataan yang dikeluarkan hari setelah kematian Corrie, ISM mengatakan bahwa, "Ketika buldoser menolak untuk menghentikan atau mengesampingkan dia naik ke gundukan tanah dan reruntuhan yang berkumpul di depan itu ... untuk melihat langsung pada sopir yang terus maju. " [23]
The IDF produced a video about Corrie's death that includes footage taken from inside the cockpit of a D9 . IDF memproduksi sebuah video tentang kematian Corrie yang mencakup rekaman yang diambil dari dalam kokpit sebuah D9 . It makes a "credible case", Joshua Hammer wrote of this video in Mother Jones , that "the operators, peering out through narrow, double-glazed, bulletproof windows, their view obscured behind pistons and the giant scooper, might not have seen Corrie kneeling in front of them." [ 5 ] Hal ini menjadikan kasus yang kredibel "", Yosua Hammer menulis tentang ini video dalam Ibu Jones , bahwa "operator, mengintip melalui sempit, double-kaca, jendela antipeluru, pandangan mereka dikaburkan di belakang piston dan scooper raksasa, mungkin belum melihat Corrie berlutut di depan mereka ". [5]
ISM and other eyewitness accounts ISM dan saksi mata lainnya
Joe Carr, an American ISM activist who used the assumed name of Joseph Smith during his time in Gaza, gave the following account in an affidavit recorded and published by the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR): Joe Carr, seorang aktivis ISM Amerika yang menggunakan nama samaran Joseph Smith selama waktunya di Gaza, memberikan rekening berikut dalam surat pernyataan dicatat dan diterbitkan oleh Pusat Palestina untuk Hak Asasi Manusia (PCHR):
Still wearing her fluorescent jacket, she knelt down at least 15 meters in front of the bulldozer, and began waving her arms and shouting, just as activists had successfully done dozens of times that day... Masih mengenakan jaket neon, ia berlutut sedikitnya 15 meter di depan buldoser, dan mulai melambai-lambaikan tangan dan berteriak, seperti aktivis telah berhasil dilakukan puluhan kali hari itu ... When it got so close that it was moving the earth beneath her, she climbed onto the pile of rubble being pushed by the bulldozer... Ketika itu bisa begitu dekat itu bergerak bumi di bawah, dia naik ke tumpukan puing didorong oleh buldoser ... Her head and upper torso were above the bulldozer's blade, and the bulldozer driver and co-operator could clearly see her. Kepalanya dan tubuh bagian atas berada di atas pisau buldoser, dan sopir buldoser dan co-operator dengan jelas bisa melihatnya. Despite this, the driver continued forward, which caused her to fall back, out of view of the diver. Meskipun demikian, sopir terus maju, yang menyebabkan dia jatuh kembali, dari pandangan penyelam. [ sic ] He continued forward, and she tried to scoot back, but was quickly pulled underneath the bulldozer. [ sic ] Ia melanjutkan ke depan, dan ia mencoba berlari cepat kembali, tetapi cepat-cepat menarik di bawah buldoser. We ran towards him, and waved our arms and shouted; one activist with the megaphone. Kami berlari ke arahnya, dan melambaikan tangan dan berteriak, salah satu aktivis dengan megafon. But the bulldozer driver continued forward, until Rachel was all the way underneath the central section of the bulldozer. [ 24 ] Tapi sopir buldoser terus maju, sampai Rachel semua jalan di bawah bagian tengah buldoser. [24]
On March 18, 2003, only two days after Corrie's death, Joe (Smith) Carr was interviewed by British Channel 4 and The Observer reporter Sandra Jordan for a documentary that was aired June 2003 on Channel 4 titled The Killing Zone. Pada tanggal 18 Maret 2003, hanya dua hari setelah kematian Corrie, Joe (Smith) Carr diwawancarai oleh British Channel 4 dan Observer Reporter Sandra Jordan untuk sebuah film dokumenter yang disiarkan Juni 2003 tentang Channel 4 berjudul The Killing Zone.
"It was either a really gross mistake or a really brutal murder" [ 25 ] "Itu baik kotor atau kesalahan benar-benar brutal pembunuhan benar-benar" [25]
According to the Seattle Times , "Smith, who witnessed Sunday's incident, said it began when Corrie sat down in front of the bulldozer. He said the driver scooped her up with a pile of earth, dumped her on the ground and ran over her twice." [ 26 ] Menurut Seattle Times , "Smith, yang menyaksikan's insiden Minggu, kata itu dimulai ketika Corrie duduk di depan buldoser. Dia kata sopir mengangkat tubuhnya dengan tumpukan tanah, dibuang di atas tanah dan berlari lebih dari dua kali ". [26]
Smith also observed: Smith juga diamati:
"We were horribly surprised. They had been careful not to hurt us. They'd always stopped before." [ 18 ] "Kami terkejut mengerikan.. Mereka telah berhati-hati untuk tidak menyakiti kita Mereka selalu berhenti di depan." [18]
British ISM activist Tom Dale, who was standing yards away from Corrie, told journalist Joshua Hammer, Jerusalem bureau chief for Newsweek : aktivis Inggris ISM Tom Dale, yang berdiri meter dari Corrie, mengatakan kepada wartawan Yosua Hammer, Yerusalem kepala biro untuk Newsweek :
The bulldozer built up earth in front of it... buldoser bumi ini dibangun di depannya ... She tried to climb on top of the earth, to avoid being overwhelmed. Dia mencoba naik di atas bumi, untuk menghindari kewalahan. She climbed to the point where her shoulders were above the top lip of the blade. Dia naik ke titik di mana bahunya di atas bibir atas pisau. She was standing on this pile of earth. Dia berdiri di tumpukan bumi ini. As the bulldozer continued, she lost her footing, and she turned and fell down this pile of earth. Seperti buldoser terus, dia kehilangan pijakan, dan ia berbalik dan jatuh tumpukan bumi ini. Then it seemed like she got her foot caught under the blade. Lalu sepertinya dia kakinya tertangkap di bawah pisau. She was helpless, pushed prostrate, and looked absolutely panicked, with her arms out, and the earth was piling itself over her. Dia tak berdaya, mendorong sujud, dan tampak sangat panik, dengan kedua lengannya keluar, dan bumi itu sendiri menumpuk di atasnya. The bulldozer continued so that the place where she fell down was directly beneath the cockpit... buldoser terus sehingga tempat di mana dia jatuh langsung di bawah kokpit ... The whole [incident] took place in about six or seven seconds. [ 5 ] Insiden] [keseluruhan berlangsung sekitar enam atau tujuh detik. [5]
An individual giving the name Richard, who stated that he witnessed Corrie's death, as recorded by the Israeli newspaper Haaretz : Seorang individu memberikan nama Richard, yang menyatakan bahwa ia menyaksikan kematian Corrie, sebagaimana dicatat oleh surat kabar Israel Haaretz :
There's no way he didn't see her, since she was practically looking into the cabin. Tidak mungkin dia tidak melihatnya, karena ia praktis mencari ke dalam kabin. At one stage, he turned around toward the building. Pada satu tahap, ia berbalik ke arah gedung. The bulldozer kept moving, and she slipped and fell off the plow. buldoser itu terus bergerak, dan dia terpeleset dan jatuh dari bajak. But the bulldozer kept moving, the shovel above her. Tapi buldoser terus bergerak, sekop di atasnya. I guess it was about 10 or 15 meters that it dragged her and for some reason didn't stop. Saya kira itu sekitar 10 atau 15 meter itu menyeret dan untuk beberapa alasan tidak berhenti. We shouted like crazy to the driver through loudspeakers that he should stop, but he just kept going and didn't lift the shovel. Kami berteriak seperti gila ke driver melalui pengeras suara bahwa dia harus berhenti, tapi ia terus berjalan dan tidak mengangkat sekop. Then it stopped and backed up. Lalu berhenti dan mundur. We ran to Rachel. Kami berlari ke Rachel. She was still breathing. [ 27 ] Dia masih bernapas. [27]
British ISM activist Richard Purssell gave the following account, in an affidavit made in a manner similar to Carr's: Aktivis ISM Inggris Richard Purssell memberikan rekening berikut, dalam surat pernyataan yang dibuat dalam cara yang mirip dengan Carr's:
As the bulldozer reached the place where Rachel was standing, she began as many of us did on the day to climb the pile of earth. Seperti buldoser tiba di tempat Rachel berdiri, dia mulai seperti yang kita lakukan pada hari mendaki tumpukan bumi. She reached the top and at this point she must have been clearly visible to the driver, especially as she was still wearing the high visibility jacket [" orange fluorescent ... with reflective strips "] . Dia mencapai puncak dan pada saat ini dia harus sudah jelas terlihat pada si pengemudi, terutama karena ia masih mengenakan visibilitas tinggi jaket [" neon orange ... dengan reflektif strip "]. She turned and faced in my direction and began to come back down the pile. Dia berbalik dan menghadap ke arah saya dan mulai kembali ke tumpukan. The bulldozer continued to move forward at [5-6 mph]. buldoser terus bergerak maju di [5-6] mph. As her feet hit the ground I saw a panicked expression on her face... Seperti kakinya menghantam tanah aku melihat ekspresi panik di wajahnya ... The pile of earth engulfed her and she was hidden from my view. [ 24 ] Tumpukan dilanda bumi dan dia yang tersembunyi dari pandangan saya. [24]
Some eyewitness accounts indicate that when Corrie slipped and fell, the driver may have been looking behind him. [ 28 ] Beberapa saksi mata menunjukkan bahwa ketika Corrie terpeleset dan jatuh, sopir mungkin telah melihat di belakangnya. [28]
The bulldozer driver, a Russian immigrant to Israel, was interviewed on Israeli TV and insisted he had no idea she was in front of him: Pengemudi buldoser, seorang imigran Rusia ke Israel, kemudian diwawancarai di TV Israel dan bersikeras dia tidak tahu dia di depannya:
You can't hear, you can't see well. Anda tidak dapat mendengar, Anda tidak dapat melihat dengan baik. You can go over something and you'll never know. Anda dapat pergi ke sesuatu dan Anda tidak akan pernah tahu. I scooped up some earth, I couldn't see anything. Aku meraup bumi, saya tidak bisa melihat apa-apa. I pushed the earth, and I didn't see her at all. Aku mendorong bumi, dan aku tidak melihatnya sama sekali. Maybe she was hiding in there. [ 5 ] Mungkin dia sedang bersembunyi di sana. [5]
Autopsy and investigation Otopsi dan investigasi
Prime Minister of Israel Ariel Sharon , promised President Bush a "thorough, credible, and transparent investigation." [ 5 ] Later, Capt. Jacob Dallal, a spokesman for the Israeli army, called Corrie's death a "regrettable accident" and said that she and the other ISM activists were "a group of protesters who were acting very irresponsibly, putting everyone in danger — the Palestinians, themselves and our forces — by intentionally placing themselves in a combat zone." Perdana Menteri Israel Ariel Sharon , Presiden Bush berjanji menyeluruh, kredibel, dan transparan penyelidikan "". [5] Kemudian, Kapten Jacob Dallal, juru bicara tentara Israel, yang disebut kematian Corrie sebuah disesalkan kecelakaan "" dan mengatakan bahwa dia dan aktivis ISM lainnya adalah "sekelompok pengunjuk rasa yang bertindak sangat tidak bertanggung jawab, menempatkan setiap orang dalam bahaya - Palestina, dan pasukan kami sendiri - dengan sengaja menempatkan diri mereka di medan tempur."
An autopsy was conducted on March 24 at the Israel's National Center of Forensic Medicine in Tel Aviv. Autopsi dilakukan pada tanggal 24 Maret di Israel Pusat Nasional Kedokteran Forensik di Tel Aviv. The final report was not released publicly, but in their report on the matter Human Rights Watch asserts a copy was provided to them by Craig Corrie, with a translation supplied by the US Department of State . Laporan terakhir tidak dipublikasikan untuk umum, tetapi dalam laporan mereka tentang hal Human Rights Watch menyatakan salinan diberikan kepada mereka oleh Craig Corrie, dengan terjemahan yang diberikan oleh Departemen Luar Negeri AS . In the report they quote Professor Yehuda Hiss , who performed the autopsy, as concluding that "her death was caused by pressure on the chest (mechanical asphyxiation ) with fractures of the ribs and vertebrae of the dorsal spinal column and scapulas , and tear wounds in the right lung with hemorrhaging of the pleural cavities ." [ 29 ] Dalam laporan mereka mengutip Profesor Yehuda Hiss , yang melakukan autopsi, seperti menyimpulkan bahwa "kematiannya disebabkan oleh tekanan di dada (mekanik sesak napas ) dengan fraktur dari tulang rusuk dan tulang belakang dari punggung tulang belakang dan scapulas , dan luka robek di paru kanan dengan pendarahan dari rongga pleura . " [29]
According to a correspondent for Gannett News Service , the IDF document, "The Death of Rachel Corrie" made no mention of the pathologist's conclusion, though, according to Corrie's parents, the entire document has not been released. [ 30 ] Menurut seorang koresponden untuk Gannett News Service , dokumen IDF, "The Death of Rachel Corrie" tidak menyebutkan patologis kesimpulan, meskipun, menurut orangtua Corrie, seluruh dokumen ini belum dicairkan. [30]
On June 26, 2003, the Jerusalem Post quoted an Israeli military spokesman as saying that Corrie had not been run over and that the driver had not seen her: Pada tanggal 26 Juni 2003, Jerusalem Post mengutip seorang jurubicara militer Israel mengatakan bahwa Corrie belum berlari dan bahwa driver itu tidak melihatnya:
"The driver at no point saw or heard Corrie. She was standing behind debris which obstructed the view of the driver and the driver had a very limited field of vision due to the protective cage he was working in... The driver and his commanders were interrogated extensively over a long period of time with the use of polygraph tests and video evidence. They had no knowledge that she was standing in the path of the tractor. An autopsy of Corrie's body revealed that the cause of death was from falling debris and not from the tractor physically rolling over her. It was a tragic accident that never should have happened." "Sopir pada titik tidak melihat atau mendengar Corrie Dia. Berdiri di belakang puing-puing yang menghalangi pandangan sopir dan sopir itu bidang yang sangat terbatas visi karena kandang pelindung ia bekerja masuk .. Sopir dan komandannya diinterogasi secara ekstensif selama periode waktu yang lama dengan menggunakan tes polygraph dan bukti video Mereka tidak tahu bahwa ia sedang berdiri di jalan traktor.. Sebuah autopsi tubuh Corrie mengungkapkan bahwa penyebab kematian adalah dari jatuh puing-puing dan bukan dari traktor fisik berguling-nya itu. sebuah kecelakaan tragis yang seharusnya tidak pernah terjadi. "
"The International Solidarity Movement, to which Corrie belonged, was directly responsible for illegal behavior and conduct in the area of Corrie's death and their actions directly led to this tragedy." [ 31 ] "Gerakan Solidaritas Internasional, yang milik Corrie, langsung bertanggung jawab atas perilaku ilegal dan melakukan di bidang kematian Corrie dan tindakan mereka langsung mengarah pada tragedi ini". [31]
The Israeli army's report [seen by the The Guardian ], claimed: Tentara Israel Laporan ini [dilihat oleh The Guardian ], menyatakan:
The army was searching for explosives in the border zone when Corrie was "struck as she stood behind a mound of earth that was created by an engineering vehicle operating in the area and she was hidden from the view of the vehicle's operator who continued with his work. Corrie was struck by dirt and a slab of concrete resulting in her death ... The finding of the operational investigations shows that Rachel Corrie was not run over by an engineering vehicle but rather was struck by a hard object, most probably a slab of concrete which was moved or slid down while the mound of earth which she was standing behind was moved," ( The Guardian , April 14, 2003). [ 32 ] Pasukan itu mencari bahan peledak di zona perbatasan ketika Corrie adalah "memukul saat dia berdiri di belakang gundukan tanah yang diciptakan oleh kendaraan teknik yang beroperasi di daerah tersebut dan ia tersembunyi dari pandangan operator kendaraan yang dilanjutkan dengan karyanya . Corrie terkesan dengan kotoran dan slab beton yang mengakibatkan kematiannya ... Temuan dari investigasi menunjukkan Rachel Corrie operasional yang tidak dijalankan oleh sebuah kendaraan rekayasa tetapi terkesan dengan benda keras, kemungkinan besar sebongkah beton yang dipindahkan atau meluncur turun sementara gundukan tanah yang berdiri di belakang dia dipindahkan, "(The Guardian, 14 April 2003). [32]
Howard Blume told that IDF claimed: Howard Blume diberitahu bahwa IDF menyatakan:
"[a bulldozer with 2 crews] was engaged in "routine terrain leveling and debris clearing," not building demolition. Quoting from the IDF report, Corrie died "as a result of injuries sustained when earth and debris accidentally fell on her ... "[Sebuah buldoser dengan 2] kru terlibat dalam" meratakan daerah rutin dan membersihkan puing-puing, "tidak membangun pembongkaran. Mengutip dari laporan IDF, Corrie meninggal" akibat luka yang diderita ketika bumi dan reruntuhan sengaja jatuh pada dirinya ... Ms. Corrie was not run over by the bulldozer", he added, IDF also claimed she was possibly "in a blindspot for the bulldozer operators and "behind an earth mound," so they did not see that she was in harm's way." [ 33 ] Ms Corrie tidak berjalan alih oleh buldoser ", ia menambahkan, IDF juga mengklaim dia mungkin" dalam blindspot untuk operator buldoser dan "di balik gundukan tanah," sehingga mereka tidak melihat bahwa dia dalam bahaya itu. " [33]
In later IDF operations, the house was damaged (a hole was knocked in a wall) and was later destroyed. Di kemudian IDF operasi, rumah itu rusak (lubang itu mengetuk di dinding) dan kemudian dihancurkan. By that time, the Nasrallah family had moved into a different house. Pada saat itu, keluarga Nasrallah telah pindah ke sebuah rumah yang berbeda. It was reported in 2006 that the house that Corrie was trying to protect was rebuilt with funds raised by The Rebuilding Alliance . [ 34 ] Dilaporkan pada tahun 2006 bahwa rumah yang Corrie berusaha melindungi dibangun kembali dengan dana yang dihimpun oleh Aliansi itu Membangun kembali . [34]
A spokesman for the IDF told the Guardian that, while it did not accept responsibility for Corrie's death, it intended to change its operational procedures to avoid similar incidents in the future. Seorang juru bicara IDF mengatakan kepada Guardian bahwa, sementara tidak bertanggung jawab atas kematian Corrie, mereka menginginkan adanya perubahan prosedur operasional untuk menghindari insiden serupa di masa mendatang. The level of command of similar operations would be raised, said the spokesman, and civilians in the area would be dispersed or arrested before operations began. Tingkat komando operasi serupa akan dinaikkan, kata juru bicara, dan warga sipil di daerah itu akan didispersikan atau ditahan sebelum operasi dimulai. Observers will be deployed and CCTV cameras will be installed on the bulldozers to compensate for blind spots, which may have contributed to Corrie's death. Pengamat akan diturunkan dan kamera CCTV akan dipasang di buldoser untuk mengkompensasi bintik-bintik buta, yang mungkin menyebabkan kematian Corrie.
The IDF gave copies of the report, entitled "The Death of Rachel Corrie," to members of the US Congress in April 2003, and Corrie's family released the document to the media in June 2003, according to the Gannett News Service. [ 35 ] In March 2004 the family said that the entire report had not been released, and that only they and two American staffers at the US Embassy in Tel Aviv had been allowed to view it. IDF memberikan salinan laporan berjudul "The Death of Rachel Corrie," kepada anggota Kongres AS pada bulan April 2003, dan keluarga Corrie dirilis dokumen ke media pada bulan Juni 2003, menurut Gannett News Service. [35] Pada Maret 2004 keluarga mengatakan bahwa seluruh laporan belum dibebaskan, dan bahwa hanya mereka dan dua staf Amerika di Kedutaan Besar AS di Tel Aviv telah diizinkan untuk melihatnya. The family said they were allowed to look at the report in the Consulate General of Israel to the Pacific Northwest in San Francisco . [ 36 ] The ISM rejected the Israeli report, stating that it contradicted their members' eyewitness reports and that the investigation had been far from credible and transparent. [ 37 ] Keluarga itu mengatakan mereka diizinkan untuk melihat laporan di Konsulat Jenderal Israel Pacific Northwest di San Francisco . [36] ISM yang menolak laporan Israel, yang menyatakan bahwa itu bertentangan dengan saksi mata 'laporan anggota mereka dan bahwa penyelidikan telah jauh dari kredibel dan transparan. [37]
Reactions and subsequent events Reaksi dan acara berikutnya
Corrie's death sparked controversy and led to international media coverage, in part because she was an American, and in part because of the highly politicized nature of the conflict itself. kematian Corrie memicu kontroversi dan menyebabkan liputan media internasional, sebagian karena dia adalah seorang Amerika, dan sebagian karena sifat sangat politis dari konflik itu sendiri.
Political reactions Politik reaksi
US Representative Brian Baird introduced House Concurrent Resolution 111 in the US Congress on March 25, 2003, calling on the US government to "undertake a full, fair, and expeditious investigation" into Corrie's death. Perwakilan AS Brian Baird diperkenalkan House Concurrent Resolution 111 di Kongres AS pada tanggal 25 Maret 2003, menyerukan pemerintah AS untuk "melakukan, adil, dan cepat penyelidikan penuh" ke dalam kematian Corrie. The House of Representatives took no action on the resolution. [ 38 ] The Corrie family joined Representative Baird in calling for a US investigation. [ 39 ] Baird, though reelected in 2004, 2006, and 2008, has not reintroduced the resolution in the Congress. DPR mengambil tindakan apapun pada resolusi. [38] Keluarga Corrie bergabung Perwakilan Baird untuk menyerukan penyelidikan Amerika Serikat. [39] Baird, meskipun terpilih kembali pada tahun 2004, 2006, dan 2008, belum diperkenalkan kembali resolusi di Kongres .
Yasser Arafat offered his condolences and gave the blessings of the Palestinian people to Corrie. [ 23 ] Arafat promised to name a street in Gaza after Corrie; according to Hammer this however was not done. [ 5 ] According to Cindy Corrie Arafat told Craig Corrie, "She is your daughter but she is also the daughter of all Palestinians. She is ours too now.” on the phone. [ 40 ] Yasser Arafat menawarkan belasungkawa dan memberikan berkat-berkat dari rakyat Palestina untuk Corrie. [23] Arafat berjanji untuk nama jalan di Gaza setelah Corrie; menurut Hammer Namun ini tidak dilakukan. [5] Menurut Cindy Arafat mengatakan Craig Corrie Corrie , "Dia adalah putri Anda, tetapi ia juga putri dari semua warga Palestina.. Dia kita juga sekarang" di telepon. [40]
In March 21, 2003, Green Party of the USA, called an investigation for "murder of American Peace Activist Rachel Corrie by Israeli Forces". [ 41 ] Pada 21 Maret 2003,, Partai Hijau di Amerika Serikat, yang disebut investigasi untuk "pembunuhan Aktivis Perdamaian American Rachel Corrie oleh Pasukan Israel". [41]
Former New Democratic Party Member of the Parliament of Canada Svend Robinson nominated ISM for 2004 Nobel Peace Prize , praising Brian Avery, Tom Hurndall and Rachel Corrie for their attempts. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Mantan Baru Partai Demokrat Anggota Parlemen Kanada Svend Robinson ISM dinominasikan untuk tahun 2004 Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian , memuji Brian Avery, Tom Hurndall dan Rachel Corrie untuk usaha mereka. [42] [43] [44] [45]
Human rights organisations' reactions organisasi hak asasi manusia 'reaksi
Amnesty International USA called for an independent inquiry, with Christine Bustany, their advocacy director for the Middle East, saying that "US-made bulldozers have been 'weaponized' and their transfer to Israel must be suspended." [ 46 ] Amnesty International Amerika Serikat menyerukan penyelidikan independen, dengan Christine Bustany, direktur mereka advokasi untuk Timur Tengah, mengatakan bahwa "buldoser buatan AS telah 'weaponized' dan mentransfer mereka ke Israel harus dihentikan". [46]
In 2005, Human Rights Watch published a report titled Promoting Impunity: The Israeli Military's Failure to Investigate Wrongdoing, raising several issues related to the impartiality and professionalism with which the Military Police investigation was conducted. Pada tahun 2005, Human Rights Watch menerbitkan sebuah laporan berjudul Mempromosikan Impunitas: Militer Israel Kegagalan untuk Selidiki Pelanggaran, mengangkat beberapa isu yang berkaitan dengan ketidakberpihakan dan profesionalisme dengan Polisi Militer yang dilakukan penyelidikan. Among them were what Human Rights Watch described as the investigators' lack of preparation; "hostile," "inappropriate," "mostly accusatory" questions they asked witnesses; omitting to get witnesses to draw maps or identify locations on a map of how it occurred; and their asserted uninterest in reconciling soldiers' testimonies with those of other eyewitnesses. Di antara mereka adalah apa yang Human Rights Watch digambarkan sebagai kekurangan peneliti persiapan; "bermusuhan," "tidak pantas," "kebanyakan menuduh" pertanyaan-pertanyaan mereka bertanya saksi; menghilangkan untuk mendapatkan saksi untuk menggambar peta atau mengidentifikasi lokasi pada peta tentang bagaimana hal itu terjadi ; dan mereka menegaskan uninterest dalam mendamaikan kesaksian prajurit 'dengan para saksi mata lainnya. The report was not limited in scope to Corrie's death; it described a number of similar instances in which one-line summary findings were reported to the media after closed investigations in which neither non-military witnesses nor victims or their families were involved. [ 47 ] Laporan itu tidak terbatas pada lingkup untuk kematian Corrie; itu menggambarkan sejumlah contoh serupa di mana satu-line temuan ringkasan dilaporkan kepada media setelah penyelidikan tertutup yang tidak-militer saksi non atau korban atau keluarga mereka yang terlibat. [47 ]
In the news Dalam berita
There were reports that because she was an American, her death attracted the kind of attention that the deaths of Palestinians fail to garner. The Observer wrote that: "On the night of Corrie's death, nine Palestinians were killed in the Gaza Strip, among them a four-year-old girl and a man aged 90. A total of 220 people have died in Rafah since the beginning of the intifada. Palestinians know the death of one American receives more attention than the killing of hundreds of Muslims." Ada laporan bahwa karena dia seorang Amerika, kematiannya menarik semacam perhatian yang kematian Palestina gagal mengumpulkan. The Observer menulis bahwa: "Pada malam kematian Corrie, sembilan warga Palestina tewas di Jalur Gaza, di antara mereka gadis empat tahun dan seorang pria berusia 90. Sebanyak 220 orang tewas di Rafah sejak awal intifadhah. Palestina mengetahui kematian satu Amerika menerima perhatian lebih dari pembunuhan ratusan umat Islam. "
A Hamas activist told the newspaper: "[Corrie's] death serves me more than it served her. Going in front of the tanks was heroic. Her death will bring more attention than the other 2,000 martyrs." [ 22 ] Sebuah Hamas aktivis memberitahu surat kabar: "'s] kematian Corrie [melayani saya lebih dari itu melayani dia. Pergi di depan tank-tank adalah kepahlawanan. Her. kematian akan lebih menarik perhatian dari 2.000 yang lain martir" [22]
Corrie's photograph has been carried during protests against Israel's actions in Gaza and the West Bank. foto Corrie telah dilakukan selama protes terhadap tindakan Israel di Gaza dan Tepi Barat. On July 15, 2003, the Chicago Tribune reported that: "To the people of Rafah, Rachel Corrie will always remain a very special martyr , their American martyr." Pada tanggal 15 Juli 2003, Chicago Tribune melaporkan bahwa: "Bagi orang-orang dari Rafah, Rachel Corrie selalu akan tetap menjadi sangat istimewa martir , martir Amerika mereka. "
In 2006, Haaretz political columnist Bradley Burston , asserted Corrie's death was accidental, yet "incidental killing is no less tragic than intentional killing", he criticized both the pro-Palestinian and pro-Israeli sides for excessive rhetoric, noting that: Pada tahun 2006, Haaretz politik kolumnis Bradley Burston , menyatakan kematian Corrie itu disengaja, namun "membunuh insidentil tidak kurang tragis daripada pembunuhan disengaja", ia mengkritik baik-Palestina dan pro-Israel sisi pro untuk retorika berlebihan, mencatat bahwa:
"Of all of the tragedies and casualties of the intifada, in which more than 4,000 people were killed over five years, the case of Rachel Corrie still stands apart, the subject of intense world interest and fierce debate. ... Part of it starts with us. "They had no business being there" is no excuse for what the Pentagon long ago christened collateral damage . We've learned much. But we're still not there. We should have saved Rachel Corrie's life that day, either by sending out a spotter or delaying the bulldozer's work. Right now, somewhere in the West Bank, there's an eight-year-old whose life could be saved next week, if we've managed to learn the lesson and are resourceful enough to know how to apply it." [ 48 ] "Dari semua korban tragedi dan intifadhah, di mana lebih dari 4.000 orang tewas selama lima tahun, kasus Rachel Corrie masih berdiri terpisah, subjek bunga dunia intens dan perdebatan sengit. ... Bagian dari dimulai dengan kami. "Mereka tidak punya usaha yang ada" ada alasan atas apa yang dilakukan Pentagon lama dibaptis kerusakan jaminan .. Kami telah belajar banyak Tapi kami masih belum ada. Kita harus menyelamatkan kehidupan Rachel Corrie hari itu, baik oleh mengirimkan sebuah peninjau atau menunda buldoser's pekerjaan,. Sekarang di suatu tempat di Tepi Barat, ada delapan tahun yang hidupnya bisa diselamatkan minggu depan, jika kita telah berhasil belajar pelajaran dan akal cukup untuk mengetahui bagaimana untuk menerapkannya. " [48]
Criticism of Corrie's actions Kritik terhadap's tindakan Corrie
According to The Boston Globe , "Corrie... has been praised as a heroic martyr and denounced as a misguided, ill-informed naïf." [ 49 ] In a review of Simone Bitton 's documentary Rachel , Salon noted that Corrie was subjected to "shocking verbal abuse" on right-wing bulletin boards and Web sites, including "grotesque sexual fantasies and elaborate conspiracy theories". [ 50 ] Menurut The Boston Globe , "Corrie ... telah dipuji sebagai martir heroik dan mencela sebagai sakit,-informasi naif sesat". [49] Dalam review Simone Bitton 'dokumenter s Rachel , salon mencatat bahwa Corrie menjadi sasaran untuk mengejutkan maki "" di sayap kanan papan buletin dan situs Web, termasuk "fantasi seksual aneh dan teori konspirasi yang rumit". [50]
Journalist and Middle East commentator Tom Gross has referred to "the cult of Rachel Corrie." Wartawan dan komentator Timur Tengah Tom Bruto telah disebut "kultus Rachel Corrie." In an article called "The Forgotten Rachels" republished on his website, Gross refers to six other women called Rachel, Jewish victims of the Arab-Israeli conflict whose deaths, he wrote, received little, if any, coverage outside Israel. [ 51 ] Gross went on to argue that "Partly thanks to the efforts of Corrie and her fellow activists, the flow of explosives from Egypt into Gaza continued – and were later used to kill children in southern Israel." Dalam sebuah artikel berjudul "The Rachel Lupa" ulang di website-nya, Bruto mengacu pada enam wanita lain yang disebut Rachel, Yahudi korban konflik Arab-Israel yang kematian, ia menulis, menerima sedikit, jika ada, cakupan di luar Israel. [51] Bruto pergi ke berpendapat bahwa "Sebagian berkat upaya Corrie dan rekan-rekan aktivis, aliran bahan peledak dari Mesir ke Gaza lanjutan - dan kemudian digunakan untuk membunuh anak-anak di Israel selatan." The article prompted a National Review editorial arguing that "Corrie's death was unfortunate, but more unfortunate is a Western media and cultural establishment that lionizes 'martyrs' for illiberal causes while ignoring the victims those causes create." [ 52 ] Artikel tersebut mendorong National Review editorial berargumen bahwa "kematian Corrie adalah menguntungkan, tetapi lebih menguntungkan adalah media Barat dan pembentukan budaya yang" martir lionizes 'untuk menyebabkan liberal sementara mengabaikan korban yang menyebabkan menciptakan ". [52]
In March 2003, the University of Maryland, College Park 's campus newspaper The Diamondback published an editorial cartoon by Daniel J. Friedman, depicting Rachel Corrie sitting in front of an approaching bulldozer, with two definitions of the word "stupidity" from the American Heritage Dictionary , along with an additional self-created third line "sitting in front of a bulldozer to protect a gang of terrorists," resulting in student sit-ins and protests of in Wednesday after the cartoon appeared. [ 53 ] The group Palestine Media Watch published the e-mail addresses and phone number of Diamondback editors, urging readers to contact the newspaper to secure an apology, [ 54 ] and thousands of e-mails and hundreds of phone calls were received by the paper in protest. Pada bulan Maret 2003, University of Maryland, College Park kampus 's surat kabar The Diamondback menerbitkan sebuah kartun editorial oleh Daniel J. Friedman, yang menggambarkan Rachel Corrie duduk di depan sebuah buldoser mendekat, dengan dua definisi dari kata "bodoh" dari Amerika Heritage Dictionary , bersama dengan tambahan yang dibuat sendiri baris ketiga "duduk di depan bulldozer untuk melindungi sekelompok teroris," menghasilkan siswa duduk-in dan protes pada Rabu, setelah kartun itu muncul. [53] Kelompok Palestina Media Watch menerbitkan alamat e-mail dan nomor telepon dari editor Diamondback, mendesak pembaca untuk menghubungi surat kabar untuk mengamankan permintaan maaf, [54] dan ribuan e-mail dan ratusan telepon diterima oleh kertas di protes. Describing the cartoon as "indecent and anti-American," over 60 student protesters staged a sit-in at the newspaper's offices (with 10 staying overnight), demanding that the paper apologize and "publish an article honoring Corrie's life". [ 55 ] The newspaper refused to apologize, "though many staff members [including Jay Parson] objected to the cartoon's viewpoint" while "the newspaper had received thousands of e-mails and hundreds of telephone calls protesting the cartoon", citing the First Amendment . Menggambarkan kartun sebagai "tidak senonoh dan anti-Amerika," lebih dari 60 demonstran mahasiswa mengadakan-duduk di di koran kantor (dengan 10 menginap semalam), menuntut agar kertas minta maaf dan "menerbitkan artikel menghormati kehidupan Corrie". [55] Surat kabar itu menolak untuk meminta maaf, "meskipun banyak anggota staf [termasuk Jay Parson] keberatan kartun sudut pandang yang" sementara "surat kabar telah menerima ribuan e-mail dan panggilan telepon ratusan memprotes" kartun, mengutip Amandemen Pertama . While Friedman did not return the telephone call and e-mail by The Associated Press , editor-in-chief Jay Parsons commented, "The decision was about freedom of speech , and that made the decision easy." [ 53 ] Meskipun Friedman tidak kembali panggilan telepon dan e-mail oleh The Associated Press , editor-in-chief Parsons Jay berkomentar, "Keputusan itu tentang kebebasan berbicara , dan yang membuat keputusan yang mudah. " [53]
Activities of Corrie's parents Kegiatan Corrie orangtua
Since their daughter's death, Corrie's parents, Cindy and Craig, have spent time trying to "promote peace and raise awareness about the plight of Palestinians," and continue what they believe to be her work. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] The Corries have worked to set up foundations, launch projects in memory of their daughter, and advance investigation into the incident, approaching the US Congress and the courts for redress. [ 58 ] Sejak putri kematian mereka, orangtua Corrie, Cindy dan Craig, telah menghabiskan waktu untuk "mempromosikan perdamaian dan meningkatkan kesadaran tentang nasib Palestina," dan melanjutkan apa yang mereka yakini sebagai pekerjaannya. [56] [57] The Corries telah bekerja untuk mengatur proyek-proyek peluncuran yayasan, dalam memori putri mereka, dan investigasi maju ke insiden itu, mendekati Kongres AS dan pengadilan untuk ganti rugi. [58]
Corries' parents have several times visited the region since their daughter's death, [ 59 ] [ 60 ] and have twice visited Gaza. [ 61 ] Following their daughter's death, they visited Gaza and Israel, seeing the place where Rachel died, and meeting ISM members and Palestinians who she had known. [ 58 ] They also visited Ramallah in the West Bank, where Arafat met them and presented them with a plaque in memory of their daughter. [ 62 ] On March 28, 2008 they addressed a demonstration in Ramallah at which Craig Corrie said: "This village has become a symbol of nonviolent resistance. I call for solidarity with the people of Palestine in resisting the conditions imposed by the Israeli occupation to prevent the establishment of their state." [ 63 ] 'Orang tua Corries telah beberapa kali mengunjungi wilayah itu sejak putri kematian mereka, [59] [60] dan telah dua kali mengunjungi Gaza. [61] Setelah putri kematian mereka, mereka mengunjungi Gaza dan Israel, melihat tempat di mana Rahel meninggal, dan ISM pertemuan anggota dan Palestina yang dia tahu. [58] Mereka juga mengunjungi Ramallah di Tepi Barat, di mana Arafat menemui mereka dan disajikan mereka dengan sebuah plakat dalam memori putri mereka. [62] Pada tanggal 28 Maret 2008 mereka ditangani sebuah demonstrasi di Ramallah di mana Craig Corrie berkata: "Desa ini telah menjadi simbol perlawanan tanpa kekerasan.. aku menelepon untuk solidaritas dengan rakyat Palestina dalam menolak kondisi yang diberlakukan oleh Israel pendudukan untuk mencegah pembentukan negara mereka" [63]
The Nasrallahs, the Palestinian family whose home Rachel believed she was preventing from destruction, joined the Corries on a cross-country tour in the United States in June 2005. The Nasrallahs, keluarga Palestina yang rumahnya Rachel percaya bahwa ia mencegah dari kehancuran, bergabung dengan Corries tur lintas-negara di Amerika Serikat pada bulan Juni 2005. The aim of the trip was to raise funds to rebuild the Nasrallah home, and other homes destroyed in Rafah with the cooperation of the Rebuilding Alliance . Tujuan perjalanan itu untuk menggalang dana untuk membangun kembali rumah Nasrallah, dan rumah-rumah lainnya hancur di Rafah dengan kerjasama dengan Aliansi Membangun kembali . The 22-city, 7 state tour made stops in Iowa and California among other locations. [ 56 ] [ 64 ] [ 65 ] 22-kota, 7 tur negara dibuat berhenti di Iowa dan California di antara lokasi lain. [56] [64] [65]
Lawsuits Tuntutan hukum
Corrie's family and several Palestinians filed a lawsuit against Caterpillar Inc. alleging liability under various Federal statutes over the death of Corrie in connection with the bulldozers, alleging Caterpillar supplied them to the Israelis despite having notice they would be used to further "a policy plaintiffs contend violates international law." Corrie keluarga dan beberapa orang Palestina mengajukan gugatan terhadap Caterpillar Inc menyatakan tanggung jawab berdasarkan berbagai undang-undang Federal atas kematian Corrie sehubungan dengan buldoser, menuduh Caterpillar memasok mereka ke Israel meskipun memiliki pemberitahuan mereka akan digunakan untuk lebih "seorang penggugat berpendapat kebijakan melanggar hukum internasional. " The case was dismissed by a Federal judge in November 2005 for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, citing, among other things, the political question doctrine. Kasus ini diberhentikan oleh seorang hakim Federal pada November 2005 untuk kurangnya yurisdiksi subjek, menyebutkan, antara lain, pertanyaan politik doktrin. The judge found, alternatively, that the plaintiffs' claims failed on the merits. [ 66 ] Hakim ditemukan, alternatif, bahwa penggugat klaim gagal pada manfaat. [66]
The ruling was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . putusan itu mengajukan banding ke Amerika Serikat Pengadilan Banding untuk Sirkuit Kesembilan . On September 17, 2007, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the dismissal on political question grounds, and did not reach the merits of the suit. Pada tanggal 17 September 2007, Ninth Circuit menegaskan pemecatan pada pertanyaan politik dasar, dan tidak mencapai manfaat jas. The Court found that as the bulldozers were paid for by the US Government as part of its aid to Israel, that the Judicial Branch could not rule on the merits of the case without ruling on whether or not the government's financing of such bulldozers was appropriate, a matter it felt was not entrusted to the Judicial Branch. [ 67 ] Pengadilan menemukan bahwa sebagai buldoser yang dibayar oleh Pemerintah AS sebagai bagian dari bantuannya kepada Israel, bahwa Cabang Yudisial tidak bisa memerintah pada manfaat kasus tanpa hukum atau tidak pembiayaan pemerintah tentang bulldozer tersebut adalah tepat, masalah rasanya tidak dipercayakan kepada Cabang Yudisial. [67]
A lawsuit was also filed against the Israel Defense Forces and the Israeli Defense Ministry . [ 68 ] In February 2010, after pressure from the USA, Israel gave entry visas to four ISM witnesses so that they could testify. Sebuah gugatan juga diajukan terhadap Angkatan Pertahanan Israel dan Menteri Pertahanan Israel . [68] Pada bulan Februari 2010, setelah tekanan dari Amerika Serikat, Israel memberikan visa masuk untuk empat orang saksi ISM sehingga mereka bisa bersaksi. However it refused entry permission to the Palestinian physician from Gaza who had examined Corrie's wounds on the scene, and also rejected an application for him to testify by video link. [ 69 ] The case will begin in Haifa on March 10, 2010. [ 70 ] Namun menolak izin masuk ke dokter Palestina dari Gaza yang telah diperiksa yang luka Corrie di tempat kejadian, dan juga menolak aplikasi bagi dia untuk bersaksi dengan link video. [69] Kasus ini akan mulai di Haifa pada tanggal 10 Maret 2010. [70 ]
Kidnapping attempt controversy Upaya penculikan kontroversi
During a visit in January 2006, two Palestinians, one armed, entered the home of Samir Nasrallah, the Palestinian pharmacist whose former home Rachel Corrie had been trying to protect when she was killed. [ 5 ] [ 59 ] Corrie's parents were staying overnight there, and it was reported that the gunmen had tried to kidnap them, [ 71 ] [ 72 ] but had abandoned their plans when told who his guests were. [ 59 ] According to Nasrallah, the gunmen were seeking Americans as bargaining chips to secure the release of Alaa al-Hams, a Palestinian militia leader arrested by Palestine intelligence on suspicion of ordering the abduction of British human-rights activist Kate Burton and her parents. [ 71 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Selama kunjungan di bulan Januari 2006, dua warga Palestina, satu bersenjata, masuk rumah Samir Nasrallah, apoteker Palestina yang mantan rumah Rachel Corrie telah berusaha untuk melindungi ketika dia dibunuh. [5] [59] orangtua Corrie tinggal semalam di sana , dan itu melaporkan bahwa pria bersenjata mencoba menculik mereka, [71] [72] tetapi telah meninggalkan rencana mereka ketika diberitahu yang tamu-tamunya itu. [59] Menurut Nasrallah, yang bersenjata sedang mencari orang Amerika sebagai chip tawar-menawar untuk mengamankan rilis Alaa al-Paha, seorang pemimpin milisi Palestina Palestina ditangkap oleh intelijen karena dicurigai memerintahkan penculikan Inggris aktivis hak asasi manusia Kate Burton dan kedua orangtuanya. [71] [73] [74]
The ISM issued a statement asserting that the actual targets whose home the gunmen came to were three Americans staying nearby, and that the Corries helped talk the men out of their plan. ISM mengeluarkan pernyataan yang menegaskan bahwa sasaran sebenarnya yang rumah bersenjata datang ke tiga orang Amerika tinggal di dekatnya, dan bahwa pembicaraan Corries membantu orang dari rencana mereka. By the ISM's account, "the Corries were never threatened with kidnapping, nor did gunmen burst into the house where the Corries were staying." [ 75 ] The Jerusalem Post reported Craig Corrie as saying: "There was never a threat made against us and the gun was never pointed at anyone." Oleh ISM's account, "yang Corries tidak pernah diancam dengan penculikan, atau orang bersenjata tidak meledak ke dalam rumah dimana Corries tinggal". [75] Yerusalem Post melaporkan Craig Corrie yang mengatakan: "Tidak pernah ada ancaman dibuat terhadap kita dan pistol tidak pernah menunjuk siapa pun. " According to the Post , Craig Corrie said that when he entered the room and saw the man with the gun, he feared it might be a kidnapping attempt, but that the situation was never described to him that way by his host. Menurut Post, Craig Corrie mengatakan bahwa ketika ia memasuki ruangan dan melihat orang itu dengan pistol, dia takut mungkin usaha penculikan, tetapi bahwa situasi itu tidak pernah dijelaskan kepadanya seperti itu oleh tuan rumahnya. Corrie added that the media accounts over-dramatized the incident. [ 76 ] Corrie menambahkan bahwa rekening-didramatisir media atas insiden itu. [76]
Memorial events Memorial peristiwa
Immediately after her death, posters and graffiti praising Corrie were posted in Rafah, with one graffiti tag reading, "Rachel was an American citizen with Palestinian blood." Segera setelah kematiannya, poster dan graffiti memuji Corrie yang diposting di Rafah, dengan satu membaca tag grafiti, "adalah Rachel warga negara Amerika dengan darah Palestina." To most Palestinians, everyone killed by the Israeli army is considered a shaheed (martyr) , and hundreds of local residents came to express their condolences. [ 8 ] The day after Corrie died, about thirty American and European ISM activists with 300 Palestinians [ 77 ] began protests during the public memorial service over the spot where she was fatally injured in Rafah, Jordan states that IDF sent a representative to the memorial as the service "got under way". Untuk kebanyakan warga Palestina, semua orang tewas oleh tentara Israel dianggap sebagai syahid (martir) , dan ratusan penduduk setempat datang untuk menyatakan belasungkawa mereka. [8] Sehari setelah Corrie meninggal, sekitar tiga puluh Eropa ISM aktivis dan Amerika dengan 300 Palestina [77 ] mulai protes selama upacara peringatan publik atas tempat di mana dia terluka fatal di Rafah, negara Yordania yang IDF mengirim utusan ke peringatan sebagai layanan "masuk ke bawah cara". However, Murray asserts that the same bulldozer that killed Corrie, identified by its army serial number 949623, suddenly appeared at the memorial. Namun, Murray menegaskan bahwa bulldozer yang sama yang membunuh Corrie, diidentifikasi dengan nomor seri 949.623 tentaranya, tiba-tiba muncul di peringatan tersebut. According to Jordan, "A bizarre game of cat-and-mouse began as the peace activists chased the tank around", with protesters covering the tank with posters of Corrie and throwing flowers on it. Menurut Jordan, "Sebuah permainan aneh dari kucing-dan-tikus mulai sebagai aktivis perdamaian mengejar tangki sekitar ", dengan pengunjuk rasa yang meliputi tangki dengan poster Corrie dan melemparkan bunga di atasnya. In response, it is alleged that "Israeli soldiers inside threatened, in return, to run them down", a tank sprayed the mourners with tear gas and later armoured personnel carriers [APC] fired guns along with percussion bombs . Sebagai tanggapan, dituduh bahwa "tentara Israel di dalam terancam, dalam kembali, untuk menjalankannya bawah", tank pelayat disemprot dengan gas air mata dan kemudian lapis baja pengangkut personel [APC] menembakkan senjata bersama dengan bom perkusi . Murray further claimed IDF fired " concussion grenades , tear gas , warning shots " over the protesters while they were choking on diesel smoke . Murray lebih lanjut mengklaim IDF dipecat " granat gegar otak , gas air mata , tembakan peringatan "atas para demonstran ketika mereka tersedak asap diesel . The escalating danger caused the memorial service to be halted. [ 8 ] [ 22 ] Bahaya meningkat menyebabkan upacara peringatan akan dihentikan. [8] [22]
In 2008, Corrie's parents commemorated the fifth anniversary of her death at an event held in the West Bank town of Nablus . Pada tahun 2008, orangtua Corrie memperingati ulang tahun kelima kematiannya pada acara yang digelar di Tepi Barat kota Nablus . About 150 Palestinians and foreigners joined them to dedicate a memorial to Corrie on one of the city's streets. [ 60 ] Sekitar 150 orang Palestina dan orang asing bergabung dengan mereka untuk mendedikasikan peringatan untuk Corrie di salah satu kota jalan-jalan itu. [60]
Artistic tributes Artistik upeti
More than 30 songs were written about and dedicated to Rachel Corrie since 2003 by various musicians including Patti Smith , Alice Shields , Mike Stout, Billy Bragg , Philip Munger , David Rovics , Christy Moore , Jim Page , Dawud Wharnsby , Elizabeth Hummel with Carl Dexter, Valerie Webb with Paul LaBrecque , Ben Ellis with Lawrence Williams and music groups including Klimt 1918 , Ten Foot Pole , The Can Kickers , Project Qua Project and Casa del Vento , internationally. Lebih dari 30 lagu ditulis tentang dan didedikasikan untuk Rachel Corrie sejak 2003 oleh berbagai musisi termasuk Patti Smith , Alice Shields , Mike Stout, Billy Bragg , Philip Munger , David Rovics , Christy Moore , Jim Page , Dawud Wharnsby , Elizabeth Hummel dengan Carl Dexter , Valerie Webb dengan Paulus LaBrecque , Ben Ellis dengan Lawrence Williams dan kelompok musik termasuk Klimt 1918 , Ten Foot Pole , Dapat Kickers , Qua Proyek Proyek dan Casa del Vento , internasional.
In 2004, Alaskan composer Philip Munger wrote a cantata about Corrie called The Skies are Weeping , which was scheduled to premiere on April 27 at the University of Alaska Anchorage , where Munger teaches. Pada tahun 2004, Alaska komposer Philip Munger menulis kantata tentang Corrie disebut The Skies adalah Menangis , yang dijadwalkan akan premiere pada tanggal 27 April di University of Alaska Anchorage , di mana Munger mengajar. Many objected to the upcoming performance, including members of the Jewish community, and a forum was held, co-chaired by Munger and a local rabbi, who described the work as bordering on anti-Semitic and said it "romanticized terrorism." Banyak keberatan terhadap kinerja mendatang, termasuk anggota komunitas Yahudi, dan forum diadakan, co-diketuai oleh Munger dan rabi lokal, yang menggambarkan pekerjaan sebagai berbatasan anti-Semit dan mengatakan "terorisme romantis." Munger later related that he had received threatening e-mails "[just] short of what you'd take to the troopers", and that some of his students had received similar communications. [ 78 ] After the forum "disintegrate[d]", Munger announced, "I cannot subject 16 students... to any possibility of physical harm or to the type of character assassination some of us are already undergoing. Performance of The Skies are Weeping at this time and place is withdrawn for the safety of the student performers.” [ 79 ] The cantata was eventually performed at the Hackney Empire theatre in London, premiering on November 1, 2005. [ 80 ] Munger kemudian terkait bahwa ia telah menerima e-mail mengancam "[hanya] singkat dari apa yang akan dibawa ke" polisi, dan bahwa beberapa mahasiswanya sudah menerima komunikasi yang sama. [78] Setelah forum "hancur [d]" , Munger mengumumkan, "Saya bisa tidak tunduk 16 siswa ... untuk setiap kemungkinan kerusakan fisik maupun dengan jenis pembunuhan karakter sebagian dari kita sudah mengalami Skies. Kinerja Menangis ini adalah saat ini dan tempat ditarik untuk keselamatan artis mahasiswa. " [79] kantata tersebut akhirnya dilakukan di Hackney Empire teater di London, tampil perdana pada tanggal 1 November 2005. [80]
In early 2005, My Name is Rachel Corrie , a play composed from Corrie's journals and e-mails from Gaza and directed by British actor Alan Rickman , was presented in London and later revived in October 2005. Pada awal 2005, My Name is Rachel Corrie , sebuah drama yang terdiri dari Corrie's jurnal dan e-mail dari Gaza dan disutradarai oleh aktor Inggris Alan Rickman , disajikan di London dan kemudian dihidupkan kembali pada Oktober 2005. The play was to be transported to the New York Theatre Workshop , but when it was postponed indefinitely, the English producers denounced the decision as "censorship" and withdrew the show. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] It finally opened Off-Broadway on October 15, 2006, for an initial run of 48 performances. [ 83 ] The play has also been published as a paperback, and performed in ten countries worldwide, including Israel. [ 84 ] Drama itu akan diangkut ke New York Theatre Workshop , tapi ketika ditunda tanpa batas waktu, produsen Inggris mengecam keputusan sebagai "sensor" dan menarik pertunjukan. [81] [82] Ini akhirnya membuka Off-Broadway pada tanggal 15 Oktober , 2006, untuk menjalankan awal dari 48 pertunjukan. [83] bermain juga telah diterbitkan sebagai novel, dan dilakukan di sepuluh negara di seluruh dunia, termasuk Israel. [84]
In 2006, Australian playwright Ben Ellis wrote Blindingly Obvious Facts , a 10-minute fugue composed of "ugly" verbatim excerpts from right-wing blogs discussing Corrie's death. [ 85 ] It was performed as part of the 2007 Melbourne season of the Short and Sweet short play competition. [ 86 ] In early 2008, Sydney composer Lawrence Williams mixed a recorded version of Ellis' play for the play's Sydney Short and Sweet production. [ 87 ] Pada tahun 2006, Australia dramawan Ben Ellis menulis menyilaukan Fakta Jelas, 10-menit fuga terdiri dari "jelek" kutipan verbatim dari sayap kanan blog membahas kematian Corrie. [85] Ini dilakukan sebagai bagian dari 2007 Melbourne musim yang pendek dan Sweet drama pendek kompetisi. [86] Di awal tahun 2008, Sydney komposer Lawrence Williams dicampur versi rekaman 'bermain Ellis untuk bermain Sydney pendek dan produksi Sweet. [87]
Documentaries Dokumenter
In 2003, British Channel 4 and The Observer reporter Sandra Jordan and producer Rodrigo Vasquez, made a documentary that was aired June 2003 on Channel 4 titled The Killing Zone , about ongoing violence in the Gaza Strip. Pada tahun 2003, British Channel 4 dan The Observer reporter dan produser Jordan Sandra Rodrigo Vasquez, membuat sebuah film dokumenter yang disiarkan Juni 2003 tentang Channel 4 berjudul The Killing Zone, tentang kekerasan yang sedang berlangsung di Jalur Gaza. Jordan said: "There has been a lot of interest in Britain and around the world about what happened to Rachel, I find it highly disappointing that no serious American investigative journalist has taken Rachel's story seriously or questioned or challenged the Israeli Army version of events." [ 88 ] Jordan berkata: "Telah ada banyak bunga di Britania dan di seluruh dunia tentang apa yang terjadi pada Rachel, saya merasa sangat kecewa bahwa tidak ada wartawan investigasi serius Amerika telah mengambil cerita Rachel serius atau dipertanyakan atau ditantang versi Angkatan Darat Israel dari peristiwa. " [88]
In 2005, the BBC produced a 60 minute documentary entitled When Killing is Easy aka Shooting the Messenger, Why are foreigners suddenly under fire in Israel? , described as "a meticulous examination of" the shooting to death of James Miller , who was "a British cameraman with considerable experience of filming in war zones", by Israeli soldiers in May 2003; the shooting of British photography student Tom Hurndall as "he tried to rescue a terrified Palestinian child from a hail of Israeli bullets" in April 2003 and the death of "American peace activist" Rachel Corrie after "she was crushed by an Israeli bulldozer" in March 2003, while trying to find an answer to the question: "Were the attacks random acts of violence, or do they represent a culture of killing with impunity which is sanctioned by the higher echelons of the Israeli army?" [ 89 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Pada tahun 2005, BBC memproduksi film dokumenter 60 menit berjudul Ketika Membunuh adalah alias Mudah Shooting Rasul itu, Mengapa tiba-tiba di bawah api asing di Israel?, digambarkan sebagai "pemeriksaan menyeluruh tentang" penembakan itu untuk kematian James Miller , yang adalah " Inggris kamera dengan pengalaman besar film di zona perang ", oleh tentara Israel pada Mei 2003; penembakan mahasiswa Inggris fotografi Tom Hurndall sebagai "ia mencoba menyelamatkan seorang anak Palestina ketakutan dari hujan peluru Israel" pada bulan April 2003 dan kematian dari "aktivis perdamaian Amerika" Rachel Corrie setelah "dia hancur oleh buldoser Israel" pada Maret 2003, ketika mencoba untuk menemukan jawaban atas pertanyaan: "Apakah serangan acak tindakan kekerasan, atau apakah mereka mewakili budaya membunuh dengan impunitas yang disetujui oleh pejabat tinggi militer Israel? " [89] [90] [91]
In 2005 Yahya Barakat, who lectures on TV production , cinematography , and filmmaking at al-Quds University , filmed a documentary in Arabic with English subtitles , named Rachel Corrie - An American Conscience . [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Pada tahun 2005 Yahya Barakat, yang kuliah di produksi TV , sinematografi , dan pembuatan film di al-Quds University , film dokumenter dalam bahasa Arab dengan bahasa Inggris sub judul , bernama Rachel Corrie - Sebuah Nurani Amerika. [92] [93] [94] [95]
In 2009, a documentary film titled Rachel is produced by Morocco born, French-Israeli director Simone Bitton detailing the death of Rachel Corrie from "an Israeli point of view". [ 50 ] Its first North American public screening was at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival . [ 96 ] Pada tahun 2009, sebuah film dokumenter berjudul Rachel diproduksi oleh Maroko lahir, Perancis-Israel direktur Simone Bitton rincian kematian Rachel Corrie dari "Israel titik pandang". [50] Amerika pertama publik skrining Its Utara itu pada 2009 Tribeca Film Festival . [96]
MV Rachel Corrie MV Rachel Corrie
On 30 March 2010, a 1800-tonne vessel was bought at auction in Dundalk , Ireland for €70,000 by the Free Gaza Movement . Pada tanggal 30 Maret 2010, sebuah kapal 1.800 ton dibeli di lelang di Dundalk , Irlandia untuk 70.000 € oleh Gerakan Free Gaza . It was outfitted for use in a voyage to Gaza, named in honour of Rachel Corrie and launched 12 May 2010. Itu dilengkapi untuk digunakan dalam perjalanan ke Gaza, dinamai untuk menghormati Rachel Corrie dan diluncurkan 12 Mei 2010. It sailed to join a flotilla intended to directly confront Israel's blockade of Gaza and take in basic supplies. Ini berlayar untuk bergabung dengan armada dimaksudkan untuk secara langsung menghadapi blokade Israel dari Gaza dan menerima pasokan dasar. The flotilla was intercepted (see Gaza flotilla raid ) however the MV Rachel Corrie had not reached the other ships and continues "...ploughing ahead with its attempt to deliver aid to Gaza..." [ 97 ] armada itu dicegat (lihat serangan armada Gaza ) namun MV Rachel Corrie belum mencapai kapal lain dan terus "... membajak depan dengan berusaha untuk memberikan bantuan ke Gaza ..." [97]
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